The kingdom became little more than a pawn in the politics and warfare of the Ayyubid and Mamluk dynasties in Egypt, as well as the Khwarezmian and Mongol invaders. The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (reigned 1220РІР‚вЂњ1250) had ambitions in the Crusader state, claiming the kingdom by marriage, but his presence sparked a civil war (1228РІР‚вЂњ1243) among the kingdom's nobility. The kingdom was soon increasingly dominated by the Italian city-states of Venice and Genoa.

Dynastic ties also strengthened with Tripoli, Antioch, and Armenia. The kingdom was ruled by King Aimery of Lusignan (1197РІР‚вЂњ1205), the King of Cyprus, another crusader state founded during the Third Crusade. Further east, various Muslim emirates were located which were ultimately allied with the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad. Beyond these to the north and west lay the states of Armenian Cilicia and the Byzantine Empire, with which Jerusalem had a close relationship in the twelfth century. While all three were independent, they were closely tied to Jerusalem. Three other Crusader states founded during and after the First Crusade were located further north: the County of Edessa (1097РІР‚вЂњ1144), the Principality of Antioch (1098РІР‚вЂњ1268), and the County of Tripoli (1109РІР‚вЂњ1289).

From the Mediterranean Sea, the kingdom extended in a thin strip of land from Beirut in the north to the Sinai Desert in the south into modern Jordan and Syria in the east, and towards Fatimid Egypt in the west. 3.9 War of the Lombards and the Barons' CrusadeР”Р„t first the kingdom was little more than a loose collection of towns and cities captured during the First Crusade, but at its height in the mid-12th century, the kingdom encompassed roughly the territory of modern-day Israel, Palestine and the southern parts of Lebanon.3.8 Fifth and Sixth Crusades and Frederick II.3.6 Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade.3.5 Byzantine alliance and invasion of Egypt.3.3 Edessa, Damascus, and the Second Crusade.3.1 First Crusade and the foundation of the kingdom.Sugar refining, based on local sugarcane plantations, developed into an important industry. Local Muslims and Christians made up the majority of the population in the countryside, but European-mainly French, Italian and Catalan-colonists also settled in the villages. The French Crusaders also brought the French language to the Levant, thus making Old French the lingua franca of the Crusader states. Its rulers and elite were therefore of French origin. The vast majority of the crusaders who established and settled the Kingdom of Jerusalem were from the Kingdom of France, as were the knights and soldiers who made up the bulk of the steady flow of reinforcements throughout the two-hundred-year span of its existence. Acre remained the capital, except for the two decades which followed Frederick II of Hohenstaufen regaining the city of Jerusalem from the Ayyubids during the Sixth Crusade through diplomacy. This second kingdom is sometimes called the Second Kingdom of Jerusalem or the Kingdom of Acre, after its new capital. Following the Third Crusade, the kingdom was re-established in Acre in 1192, and lasted until the city's destruction in 1291. The First Kingdom of Jerusalem lasted from 1099 to 1187 before being almost entirely overrun by Saladin. Its history is divided into two distinct periods. The kingdom lasted nearly two hundred years, from 1099 until 1291 when its last remaining possession, Acre, was destroyed by the Mamluks. The Kingdom of Jerusalem ( Latin: Regnum Hierosolymitanum Old French: Roiaume de Jherusalem Arabic: Р©вЂ¦Р©вЂ¦Р©вЂћР©С“РЁВ© РЁВ§Р©вЂћР©вЂљРЁР‡РЁС–) also known as the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem or the Frankish Kingdom of Palestine, was a Crusader state established in the Southern Levant by Godfrey of Bouillon in 1099 after the First Crusade.

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